목차 일부
Foreword(3)
Acknowledgements(5)
List of Figures(20)
List of Tables(28)
List of Boxes(32)
List of Spotlights(34)
Executive summary(37)
Introduction(51)
Part A: Global energy trends to 2030(53)
Context ...
목차 전체
Foreword(3)
Acknowledgements(5)
List of Figures(20)
List of Tables(28)
List of Boxes(32)
List of Spotlights(34)
Executive summary(37)
Introduction(51)
Part A: Global energy trends to 2030(53)
Context and principal assumptions(59)
Highlights(59)
Government policies and measures(60)
Population(63)
Economic growth(64)
Energy prices(68)
Oil prices(68)
Natural gas prices(72)
Steam coal prices(73)
Technology(73)
Global energy rends(77)
Highlights(77)
Demand(78)
Primary energy mix(78)
Regional trends(80)
Sectoral Trensd(83)
Energy production and trade(85)
Resources and producton prospects(85)
Inter-regional trade(87)
Energy investment(88)
Trends by region and evergy source(88)
Oil market outlook(91)
Highlights(91)
Demand(92)
Trends in primary oil demand(92)
Regional trends(97)
Sectoral trends(98)
Implications for spending on oil(100)
Production(102)
Inter-regional trade(105)
Natural gas market outlook(109)
Highlights(109)
Demand(110)
Regional trends(112)
Sectoral trends(113)
Production(115)
Inter-regional trade(119)
Coal amrket outlook(123)
Highlights(123)
Demand(124)
Reserves and production(127)
Inter-regional trade(131)
Coal prices and supply costs(134)
Coal investment(136)
Power sector outlook(139)
Highlights(139)
Electricity demand(140)
Electricity suply(142)
Outlook for electricity generation(142)
Trends in coal-fired generation(144)
Trends in gas-fired generation(146)
Trends in oil-fired generation(147)
Trends in nuclear power(147)
Trends in renewable energy(149)
Trends in CO₂capture and storage(149)
New capacity and investment needs in infrastructure(151)
Electricity generating costs(152)
Trends in construction costs(152)
Cost and efficiency assumptions(153)
Electricity prices(156)
Renewable energy outlook(159)
Highlights(159)
Global trends in the use of renewable energy(160)
Renewables for electricity(162)
Hydropower(165)
Wind power(166)
Solar photovoltaics(168)
Concentrating solar thermal power(170)
Geothermal power(170)
Tide and wave power(171)
Biomass for electricity(171)
Biofuels(171)
Renewables for heat(176)
Traditional biomass(177)
Investment in renewable energy(178)
Energy use in cities(17)
Highlights(179)
Why focus on cities?(180)
Current and projected energy use in cities(182)
United States(184)
Background(184)
Reference Scenario projections(185)
European Union(187)
Background(187)
Reference Scenario projections(188)
Australasia(189)
Background(189)
Reference Scenario projections(190)
China(191)
Backgrund(191)
Reference Scenario projections(192)
Part B: Oil and gas production prospects(194)
Turning oil resources into reserves(197)
Highlights(197)
Classifying hydrocarbon resources(198)
Latest estimates of conventional oil reserves and resources(201)
Proven reserves(201)
Ultimately recoverable resouces(204)
Reserves growth and enhanced oil recovery(209)
Carbon-dioxide enhanced oil recovery(CO₂-EOR)(213)
Non-conventional oil resources(215)
Extra-heavy oil and oil sands(215)
Oil shales: a technological milestone in sight?(217)
Long-term oil-supply cost curve(217)
Field-by-field analysis of oil production(221)
Highlights(221)
Understanding production patterns and trends(222)
The importance of size(225)
Regional differences(227)
Oilfield production profiles and characteristics(229)
Standard production profiles(229)
Focus on giant fields(232)
Changes in production profiles over time(233)
Measuring observed production decline rates(233)
Approach and definitions(233)
Results of the analysis(236)
The impact of field age and maturity(240)
Trends in observed decline rates(241)
Deriving an estimate of the average global observed decline rate(242)
Trends in natural decline rates(243)
Estimating historical trends(243)
Long-term prospects for natural decline rates(247)
Prospects for oil production(249)
Highlights(249)
Global oil production trends(250)
Summary of projections in the Reference Scenario(250)
Crude oil output at existing fields(255)
Contribution of new fields to crude oil production(256)
Enganced oil recovery (EOR)(260)
Natural gas liquids (NGLs)(261)
Non-conventional oil(262)
Crude oil quality(265)
Outlook by country and region(26)
Non-OPEC production(266)
OPEC production(272)
Sensitivity of oil output to decline rates(276)
Natural gas resources and production prospects(279)
Highlights(279)
Gas resources and reserves(280)
Conventional gas(280)
Non-conventional gas(284)
Gas production prospects(289)
Regional trends(291)
OECD North America(291)
OECD Europe(293)
OECD Oceania(294)
Eastern Europe/Eurasia(294)
Non-OECD Asia(297)
Middle East(298)
Africa(300)
Latin America(302)
Upstream investment prospects(303)
Highlights(303)
Recent investment trends and near-term outlook(304)
New upstream projects(310)
Capital-cost trends (311)
Trends in upstream activity(320)
Implications for oil-production capacity(322)
Outlook for investment to 2030(323)
Potential barriers to upstream investment(325)
Depletion policies of resource-rich countries(325)
Profitble opportunities for international companies to invest(328)
Political constraints(329)
Availability of people and equipment(329)
The structure of the upstream industry(333)
Highlights(333)
The emergence of a new world order for oil(334)
The resurgence of the national oil companies(336)
International oil companies in profitable retreat(343)
Implications for future investment and supply(348)
Towards a more efficient industry(350)
Strengthening strategic partnerships(351)
Prospects in oil- and gas-exporting sub-Saharan African countries(355)
Highlights(355)
Overview(356)
Outlook for oil and gas production, exports and government revenues(358)
Resources and reserves(358)
Oil and gas production and exports(359)
Oil refining(363)
Oil and gar export revenues(364)
Cooking practices(365)
Electricity access(366)
Projected trends in access to modern energy services(369)
Quantifying the costs involved in expanding access(370)
Managing revenues from oil and gas(374)
Part C: The role of energy in climate policy(378)
Implicatons of the Reference Scenarion for the global climate(381)
Highlights(381)
Projected trends in evergy-related CO₂emissions(382)
Overview(382)
Regional trends(384)
Trends per capita and per unit of GDP(388)
Sectoral trends(391)
Prejected trends in overall greenhouse-gas emissions(397)
Long-term greenhouse-gas concentrations and average global temperature(401)
The impact of global warning on the energy(402)
Hydropower(402)
Other renewable evergy systems(403)
Thermal and nuclear power(404)
Local and regional air pollution(404)
Projected trends in local and regional air pollution(404)
The post-2012 climate policy framework(407)
Highlights(407)
Co-ordinated global action to address climate change(408)
Defining the long-term global climate objective(410)
Environmental and societal effects of different stabilisation levels(410)
Practical considerations in reducing emissions(411)
Climate scenarios modelled in WEO-2008(413)
Participation(416)
Principles for allocating responsibilities(419)
Policy mechanisms(421)
Cap-and-trade systems(423)
Sectoral agreements(427)
National policies and measures(432)
Climate policy scenarios(435)
Highlights(435)
Methodology and assumptions(36)
Modelling approach(436)
Economic growth(437)
Energy prices(437)
Carbon prices(439)
overview of the results of the climate scenarios(439)
Primary evergy demand(439)
Energy-related CO₂emissions(442)
Emissions of gases other than energy-related CO₂(447)
The 550 Policy Scenario: results by sector(450)
Power generaton(450)
Industry(457)
Transport(461)
Buildings and other sectors(464)
The 450 Policy Scenario: results by sector(467)
Power generation(467)
Industry(472)
Transport(473)
Buildings and other sectors(474)
Co-benefits in the 550 and 450 policy Scenerios(475)
Energy security(475)
Local and regional air polluton(476)
Implications for evergy investment(479)
Highlights(479)
The investment challenge of transforming energy(480)
Investment implications of the 550 Policy Scenerio(480)
Regional implications of the 550 Policy Scenario(481)
Implications of the 550 Policy Scenario for the electricity sector(483)
Implications of the 550 Policy Scenario for the transport sector(485)
Implications of the 550 Policy Scenario for buildings and industry(487)
Costs and benefits of the 550 Policy Scenario(487)
Investment implications of the 450 Policy Scenario(488)
Replacement of capital stock in the power sector(492)
Carbon markets(495)
Technology diffusion(499)
Implications for policy(501)
ANNEXES(503)
Annex A. Tables for Reference Scenario projections(503)
Annex B. Abbreviations, definitions and conversion factors(541)
Annex C. Acronyms(551)
Annex D. References(555)
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