목차 일부
Excutive Summary
Contents
Explanatory Notes
1. Global outlook 001
- Macroesconomic prospects for the world economy 001
Growth prospects 003
Outlook for employment 010
Prospect...
목차 전체
Excutive Summary
Contents
Explanatory Notes
1. Global outlook 001
- Macroesconomic prospects for the world economy 001
Growth prospects 003
Outlook for employment 010
Prospects for achieving the Millennium Development Goals 013
Continued low inflation 017
- International economic conditions for developing countries and economies in transition 018
Returning, but risky, capital flows 018
Rebounding world trade, volatile commodity prices 020
Declining remittances 022
- Uncertainties and risks 023
Risks associated with sovereign debt and fiscal austerity 023
Risks of increased exchange-rate instability 028
Risks of an uncoordinated rebalancing of the world economy 030
- Policy challenges 033
Continued and coordinated stimulus 036
Redesigning fiscal stimulus 037
Making monetary policy more effective and addressing its international spillover effects 039
Finacing for achieving the MDGs and investments in sustainable development in low-income countries 040
Strengthening the framework for policy coordination 040
- Appendix
2. International trade 047
- The below-trend recovery of world trade 047
- Terms of trade of developing and transition economies 049
- Trends in primary commodity markets 051
Markets for non-oil comodities 051
Agricultural commodities 055
Minerals and metals 057
The oil market 058
- Trade in services 060
- Developments in trade policy 065
The Doha Round 065
Resumption of the trend towards more preferential trade agreements 066
The continuation of low-intensity protectionism 067
3. Financial flows to developing countries 063
- Net resource transfers from poor to rich countries 063
- Private capital flows to developing countris 071
- International financial cooperation 074
Official development assistance 074
South -South cooperation 077
Innovative sources of development finance 077
Debt relief 081
- Strengthening the international financial architecture 085
Reform of the framework for financial regulation 085
Multilateral surveillance and policy coordination 088
A global financial safety net 090
The international reserve system 092
Strengthening global economic governance 094
4. Regional developments and outlook 097
Developed market economies 097
North America: decelerating recovery 098
Developed Asia and the Pacific diverging outlook 101
Developed Europe: cautious recovery 103
Economies in transition 108
South-eastern Europe a feeble recovery 109
The Commonwealth of Independent States: a muted recovery 110
Developing economies 114
Africa: divergent growth recovery 115
East Asia: moderate growth, but the outlook is still good 118
South Asia: robust growth momentum 123
Western Asia: solid growth after a sharp rebound 125
Latin America and the Caribbean: strong economic recovery, but diverging across countries 128
Statistical annex
Country classification 133
Annex tables 145
Boxes
1.1 Key assumptions for the United Nations baseline forecast for 2011 and 2012 004
1.2 Prospects for the least developed countries 007
1.3 Impact of the crisis and macroeconomic challenges to meeting the Millennium Development Goals 014
1.4 A pessimistic scenario for the world economy 034
1.5 Feasible policy coordination for rebalancing the world economy 042
2.1 The financialization of commodity trading 053
2.2 International tourism 063
3.1 Mechanisms underlying innovative financing for global health 080
4.1 Banking systems and financial risks in the East Asia 112
4.2 Addressing global macroeconomic imbalances in East Asia 121
4.3 Currency appreciation in Latin America and the Caribbean 130
Figures
1.1 Growth of the world economy, 2004-2012 006
1.2 Growth of GDP per capita, by level of development, 2000-2012 007
1.3 Post-recession employment recovery in the United States, 1973, 1980, 1981, 1990, 2001 and 2007 011
1.4 Proportion of working poor, 2003, 2008 and 2009 013
1.5 Foreign reserve accumulation by developing countries, first quarter 2007-second quarter 2010 019
1.6 Volume of world merchandise trade, January 2005-August 2010 020
1.7 Historical best case, worst case and average scenarios for the general government gross debt burden, selected developed economies 025
1.8 Flow costs of public debt, selected emerging and other developing countries, 2000-2009 027
1.9 Exchange rates among major currencies, march-October 2010 029
1.10 Trade-weighted effective exchange rates, selected countries, March-October 2010 030
1.11 Resurge in global imbalances, 1996-2011 031
1.12 Net international investment position of the United States, 1976-2009 032
2.1 Growth of world income and of the volume of imports, 2002-2012
2.2 Growth of the volume and dollar values of world exports, 2002-2012 047
2.3a Net barter terms of trade, selected developing and transition economies, by trade structure, 2000-2010 050
2.3b Terms of trade, selected developing and transition economies, 2000-2010 050
2.4 Trade shocks by export specialization, country groups, 2001-2010 052
2.5 Non-oil commodity price index, all groups, in dollar and SDR terms, January 2006-September 2010 053
2.6 Price indices of selected agricultural commodities, current United States dollars, January b2006-September 2010 055
2.7 Price indices of selected minerals, in current United States dollars, January 2006-September 2010 057
2.8 Growth of exports of trade in services in current United States dollars, 2005-2009 060
2.9 Components of liner shipping connectivity, country averages, July 2004-July 2010 062
3.1a Net financial transfers to economies in transition and developing countries, 1998-2010 070
3.1b Net financial transfers, by income categories, 2000-2010 070
3.2 Net ODA of DAC members, 1990-2009, and DAC secretariat simulations to 2010 075
3.3 Low-income countries in debt distress or at high risk of debt distress, October 2010 084
4.1 Unemployment rates in the G7 countries, 2008-2012 097
4.2 Evolution of United States civilian employment during the recession, and possible future path, June 1007-October 2013 099
4.3 Industrial production in the euro area and selected Western European economies, second quarter 2008-fourth quarter 2010 104
4.4 industrial production, excluding construction, selected new EU member States, October 2009-August 2010 107
4.5 Comparison of retail turnover in countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, 2009 and 2010 (January-June) 111
4.6 Africa growth map 116
4.7 GDP growth in selected East Asian economies, 2009-2011 119
4.8. Year-on-year changes in the consumer price index in selected South Asian economies, January 2007-July 2010 124
4.9 GDP growth in Western Asia, 2002-2012 126
4.10 Latin America: GDP growth rate and contribution to growth of components of aggregate demand, 2004-2010 128
4.11 Latin America and the Caribbean: government revenue, expenditure and fiscal balances, 2006-2010 132
Tables
1.1 Growth of world output, 2006-2012 05
1.2 Frequency of high and low growth of per capita output, 2008-2012 09
1.3 Growth of worker remittances to developing countries and economies in transition, 2004-2009 22
2.1 Income gains or losses from the terms of trade of selected developing and transition economies, by trade structure, 2002-2010 51
2.2 Growth of trade in services by category, 2006-2009 61
2.3 Major providers of international services among developing countries, 1990, 2000, 2007, 2008 and 2009 62
2.4 Growth rate of export services of LDCs and comparison with developing countries, 2005-2009 63
3.1 Net transfer of financial resources to developing economies and economies in transition, 1998-2010 71
3.2 Net financial flows to developing countries and economies in transition, 1997-2011 72
3.3 Official development assistance in 2009 and 2010 in relation to commitments and targets 76
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