Executive Summary 009
Ch1. Key Trends in Science, Technology and Innovation 015
A turbulent backdrop to recent trends in science, technology and innovation 016
The recent expansion of R&D spending slowed through 2008 023
More recent data suggests overall R&D investment has slowed in the economic downturn 033
Human resources are a central input to R&D and innovation 041
Reaping the results 047
The continued importance of globalisation 053
Summary 061
Notes 062
References 063
Annex 1.A1. Relationship of R&D expenditure growth to growth in researcher numbers 067
Ch2. Main Trends in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 071
Introduction 072
National strategies for science, technology and innovation 074
Improving actors'' competences and enhancing incentives for innovation 088
Enhancing networking among actors 116
Developing and strengthening human capital 136
Outlook: future challenges 149
Notes 149
References 150
Ch3. Science and Innovation: Country Notes 151
Australia 154
Austria 156
Belgium 158
Brazil 160
Canada 162
Chile 164
China 166
Czech Republic 168
Denmark 170
Estonia 172
Finland 174
France 176
Germany 178
Greece 180
Hungary 182
Iceland 184
India 186
Indonesia 188
Ireland 190
Israel 192
Italy 194
Japan 196
Korea 198
Luxembourg 200
Mexico 202
The Netherlands 204
New Zealand 206
Norway 208
Poland 210
Portugal 212
Russian Federation 214
Slovak Republic 216
Slovenia 218
South Africa 220
Spain 222
Sweden 224
Switzerland 226
Turkey 228
United Kingdom 230
United States 232
Annex 3.A1 234
Ch4. The Innovation Policy Mix 251
Introduction 252
What is the policy mix and how is it useful? 254
Coherence in the policy mix 270
International policy learning and the policy mix 274
Conclusion 276
Notes 276
References 277
Ch1. Key Trends in Science, Technology and Innovation 015
A turbulent backdrop to recent trends in science, technology and innovation 016
The recent expansion of R&D spending slowed through 2008 023
More recent data suggests overall R&D investment has slowed in the economic downturn 033
Human resources are a central input to R&D and innovation 041
Reaping the results 047
The continued importance of globalisation 053
Summary 061
Notes 062
References 063
Annex 1.A1. Relationship of R&D expenditure growth to growth in researcher numbers 067
Ch2. Main Trends in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 071
Introduction 072
National strategies for science, technology and innovation 074
Improving actors'' competences and enhancing incentives for innovation 088
Enhancing networking among actors 116
Developing and strengthening human capital 136
Outlook: future challenges 149
Notes 149
References 150
Ch3. Science and Innovation: Country Notes 151
Australia 154
Austria 156
Belgium 158
Brazil 160
Canada 162
Chile 164
China 166
Czech Republic 168
Denmark 170
Estonia 172
Finland 174
France 176
Germany 178
Greece 180
Hungary 182
Iceland 184
India 186
Indonesia 188
Ireland 190
Israel 192
Italy 194
Japan 196
Korea 198
Luxembourg 200
Mexico 202
The Netherlands 204
New Zealand 206
Norway 208
Poland 210
Portugal 212
Russian Federation 214
Slovak Republic 216
Slovenia 218
South Africa 220
Spain 222
Sweden 224
Switzerland 226
Turkey 228
United Kingdom 230
United States 232
Annex 3.A1 234
Ch4. The Innovation Policy Mix 251
Introduction 252
What is the policy mix and how is it useful? 254
Coherence in the policy mix 270
International policy learning and the policy mix 274
Conclusion 276
Notes 276
References 277