Table of contents
Message from the Secretary-General iii
Preface v
Executive summary vii
Technical note xiii
1. Population and families 1
Introduction 1
A. General population patterns 1
1. Growth and geographical distribution 1
2. Population distribution by sex 2
3. Fertiliy 8
4. Ageing 10
5. International migration 12
B. Families 13
1. Marriages and unions 13
2. Family reponsibilities 16
3. Family and work 17
2. Health 19
Introduction 19
A. Life expectancy at birth 20
1. Levels of and trends in life expectancy at birth 20
2. Sex differentials in life expectancy at the country level 22
B. Causes of death 22
1.Deaths grouped by board causes 23
2. Leading causes of death 23
3. Cancer morbidity and mortaliy 25
C. Morbidity and health risk factors 26
1. Alcohol consumption 27
2. Tobacco use 27
3. Obesity 29
4. Diabetes 30
D. HIV and AIDS 30
1. Prevalence of HIV/AIDS 31
Knowledge of HIV 32
E. Reproductive health 33
1. Prenatal and delivery care 33
2. Maternal mortaliy 35
3. Infertility and childlessness of women 36
4. Contraceptive use 36
5. Induced abortions 38
F. Health of children 39
1. Mortality among children under 5 39
2. Underweight 40
3. Immunization 41
3. Education 43
Introduction 43
A. Educational outcomes 44
1. Literacy 44
2. Educational attainment 48
B. Participation in education 52
1. Primary education 52
Participation in primary education 52
Out-of-school children 54
School progression 56
2. Secondary education 59
Participation in secondary education 59
Participation in technical and vocational education and training(TVET) 61
3. Tertiary education 62
Participation in tertiary education 62
Tertiary enrolment by field of study 64
C. Teaching staff 65
D. Scientific and technological knowledge68
1. Reseach and development 68
2. Decision-making in research and development 70
3. Gender digital divide 71
4. Work 75
Introduction 75
A. Women amd men in the labour force 76
1. Labour force participation of women and men 76
2. Labour force participation across age groups 78
Trends in labour force participation across age groups 78
Age patterns of labour force participation 80
3. Unemployment 81
Adult unemployment 81
Youth unemployment 81
B. Employment conditions of women and men 82
1. Economic sector of employment 82
2. Status in employment 84
3. The informal sector and informal employment 88
4. Occupational segregation 89
5. Part-time work 93
6. Gender pay gap 96
C. Reconciliation of work and family life 98
1. Sharing of domestic work 98
2. Combining family responsibilities with employment 101
3. Maternity and paternity leave and related benefits 103
Maternity leave and related benefits 103
Paternity leave 105
D. Child labour 105
1. Child employment and child labour 105
The magnitude of child employment and child labour 105
Economic sector of employment of girls and boys 107
2. Unpaid housework 108
3. Children's work and education 110
5. Power and decision-making 111
Introduction 111
A. Politics and governance 112
1. Representation in national parliament 112
Levels and trends 112
Presiding officers 114
Candidacy and eletion 114
The use of gender quotas 116
2. Heads of State or Government 117
3. Ministers 117
4. Local governments 119
B. The judiciary 120
1. National courts 120
2. Internetional courts 121
C. Civil service 121
1. Senior administrators 121
2. Women and men in the United Nations 122
D. The private sector 123
1. Corporate boards 123
2. Chief executives 124
6. Vioence against women 127
Introduction 127
A. Statistical methodology 128
1. Development of global statistical indicators 128
2. Administrative records as a source of statistics on violence against women 129
3. Surveys as a source of statistics on violence against women 129
B. Prevalence and inciden of violence against women 130
1. Physical violence against women 130
Overall physical violence 130
Intimate partner physical violence 131
2. Sexual violence against women 133
3. Femicide 134
C. Female genital mutilation 135
D. Women's attitudes towards wife-beating 137
7. Environment 141
Introduction 141
A. Access to water and firewood 142
1. Access to sources of drinking water 142
2. Access to firewood 145
B. Environment fators with an impact an women's health 145
1. Access to improved water and sanitation 146
2. Use of solid fuels for cooking and indoor smoke pollution 147
Use of solid fuels for cooking 148
Ventilation factors: outdoor cooking and type of stoves 148
Time spent cooking and near a fire 150
3. Natural disasters and their impact on number of females and male deaths 150
C. Involement of women and men in preserving the environment 153
1. Awareness of environmental problems 153
2. Participation in environmental decision-making 154
8. Poverty 157
Introduction 157
A. Household-level poverty 158
1. Poverty data disaggregated by sex 158
2. Female- and male-headed households 161
Lone-parent households 162
One-person households 164
B. Individual access to and control over resources 166
1. Inequality in intrahousehold allocation of resources 166
2. Economic autonomy of women 168
Access to cash income 168
Ownersship of land and other property 169
3. Participation in intrahousehold decision-making on spending 170
Statistical Annex 175
Referenes 241
Message from the Secretary-General iii
Preface v
Executive summary vii
Technical note xiii
1. Population and families 1
Introduction 1
A. General population patterns 1
1. Growth and geographical distribution 1
2. Population distribution by sex 2
3. Fertiliy 8
4. Ageing 10
5. International migration 12
B. Families 13
1. Marriages and unions 13
2. Family reponsibilities 16
3. Family and work 17
2. Health 19
Introduction 19
A. Life expectancy at birth 20
1. Levels of and trends in life expectancy at birth 20
2. Sex differentials in life expectancy at the country level 22
B. Causes of death 22
1.Deaths grouped by board causes 23
2. Leading causes of death 23
3. Cancer morbidity and mortaliy 25
C. Morbidity and health risk factors 26
1. Alcohol consumption 27
2. Tobacco use 27
3. Obesity 29
4. Diabetes 30
D. HIV and AIDS 30
1. Prevalence of HIV/AIDS 31
Knowledge of HIV 32
E. Reproductive health 33
1. Prenatal and delivery care 33
2. Maternal mortaliy 35
3. Infertility and childlessness of women 36
4. Contraceptive use 36
5. Induced abortions 38
F. Health of children 39
1. Mortality among children under 5 39
2. Underweight 40
3. Immunization 41
3. Education 43
Introduction 43
A. Educational outcomes 44
1. Literacy 44
2. Educational attainment 48
B. Participation in education 52
1. Primary education 52
Participation in primary education 52
Out-of-school children 54
School progression 56
2. Secondary education 59
Participation in secondary education 59
Participation in technical and vocational education and training(TVET) 61
3. Tertiary education 62
Participation in tertiary education 62
Tertiary enrolment by field of study 64
C. Teaching staff 65
D. Scientific and technological knowledge68
1. Reseach and development 68
2. Decision-making in research and development 70
3. Gender digital divide 71
4. Work 75
Introduction 75
A. Women amd men in the labour force 76
1. Labour force participation of women and men 76
2. Labour force participation across age groups 78
Trends in labour force participation across age groups 78
Age patterns of labour force participation 80
3. Unemployment 81
Adult unemployment 81
Youth unemployment 81
B. Employment conditions of women and men 82
1. Economic sector of employment 82
2. Status in employment 84
3. The informal sector and informal employment 88
4. Occupational segregation 89
5. Part-time work 93
6. Gender pay gap 96
C. Reconciliation of work and family life 98
1. Sharing of domestic work 98
2. Combining family responsibilities with employment 101
3. Maternity and paternity leave and related benefits 103
Maternity leave and related benefits 103
Paternity leave 105
D. Child labour 105
1. Child employment and child labour 105
The magnitude of child employment and child labour 105
Economic sector of employment of girls and boys 107
2. Unpaid housework 108
3. Children's work and education 110
5. Power and decision-making 111
Introduction 111
A. Politics and governance 112
1. Representation in national parliament 112
Levels and trends 112
Presiding officers 114
Candidacy and eletion 114
The use of gender quotas 116
2. Heads of State or Government 117
3. Ministers 117
4. Local governments 119
B. The judiciary 120
1. National courts 120
2. Internetional courts 121
C. Civil service 121
1. Senior administrators 121
2. Women and men in the United Nations 122
D. The private sector 123
1. Corporate boards 123
2. Chief executives 124
6. Vioence against women 127
Introduction 127
A. Statistical methodology 128
1. Development of global statistical indicators 128
2. Administrative records as a source of statistics on violence against women 129
3. Surveys as a source of statistics on violence against women 129
B. Prevalence and inciden of violence against women 130
1. Physical violence against women 130
Overall physical violence 130
Intimate partner physical violence 131
2. Sexual violence against women 133
3. Femicide 134
C. Female genital mutilation 135
D. Women's attitudes towards wife-beating 137
7. Environment 141
Introduction 141
A. Access to water and firewood 142
1. Access to sources of drinking water 142
2. Access to firewood 145
B. Environment fators with an impact an women's health 145
1. Access to improved water and sanitation 146
2. Use of solid fuels for cooking and indoor smoke pollution 147
Use of solid fuels for cooking 148
Ventilation factors: outdoor cooking and type of stoves 148
Time spent cooking and near a fire 150
3. Natural disasters and their impact on number of females and male deaths 150
C. Involement of women and men in preserving the environment 153
1. Awareness of environmental problems 153
2. Participation in environmental decision-making 154
8. Poverty 157
Introduction 157
A. Household-level poverty 158
1. Poverty data disaggregated by sex 158
2. Female- and male-headed households 161
Lone-parent households 162
One-person households 164
B. Individual access to and control over resources 166
1. Inequality in intrahousehold allocation of resources 166
2. Economic autonomy of women 168
Access to cash income 168
Ownersship of land and other property 169
3. Participation in intrahousehold decision-making on spending 170
Statistical Annex 175
Referenes 241