Preface
Abbreviations
Executive summary
Introduction. Context, objectives, scope and structure of the report
Part Ⅰ. Monitoring the state of social security coverage
1 Definitions, standards and concepts
1.1. Basic definitions
1.2 The scope of social security and defined by ILO standards and by other international organization
1.3 Coverage concepts and measurements
2 Scope of social security coverage around the world; Context and overview
2.1 The labour market context
2.2 Scope of comprehensive coverage by statutory schemes
2.3 Effective comprehensive population coverage
3 Social health protection coverage
3.1 Definition and measurement of social health protection
3.2 Financing health care
3.3 G멘 in health-care coverage and access deficits
4 Coverage by social security pensions; Income security in old age
4.1 From legal to effective coverage by old-age pensions; An overview
4.2 Coverage gaps and employment status of the elderly
4.3 Effective extent and level of coverage at th country level
5 Income support to the unemployed
5.1 Scope of coverage by statutory unemployment schemes
5.2 Effective extent and level of coverage
6 Coverage by other branches of social security
6.1 Employment injury
6.2 Maternity protection
7 Minimum income support and other social assistance
8 Investments in social security; Amounts, results and efficiency
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Resources allocated to the financing of social security across the world
8.3 Measuring effectiveness and efficiency of investments in social security; An overview of approaches in selected international organizations
9 Identifying factors for extended social security coverage
PartⅡ. Thematic focus; Social security in times of crisis
10 Responding to economic crisis with social security
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cushioning the impacts of unemployment while protecting and creating jobs
10.3 The expansion of social security as a crisis response
10.4 Consolidating social expenditure; shorts-term versus long-term concerns
10.5 Impact of the crisis on pension funding; The need to revisit
10.6 Impact of the crisis on social health protection financing
Conclusion. Closing the coverage gaps and building social security for all
Bibliography
Statistical Annex
Part A. The demographic, economic and labour market environment
Part B. Social security coverage and expenditure
Tables
2.1 Employees (wage and salary workers) in the labour market worldwide, 2008
4.1 Participation in the labour market of elderly (65+), and life expectancy at age 65, 1980-2005
4.2 Projected elderly population in 2010 and 2050
5.1 Unemployment protection Extent of legal and effective coverage, countries grouped by income level, latest available year
8.1 Social security expenditure by region and globally, latest available tear
8.2 Social security expenditure by income level and globally, latest available year
8.3 Structure of social security receipts by type and sector of origin, 27 EU Member States, 2007
8.4 Effectiveness and efficiency of social security cash transfers received by households, and taxes paid by households, 22 OECD countries, mid-2000
8.5 Concentration coefficients of benefits in different branches of social security, 27 OECD countries, mid-2000
9.1 Legal provision, resources committed and coverage achieved in 146 countries; A typology
10.1 Unemployment schemes in different country groups by income level, 2009
10.2 Crisis response; Extending coverage and raising benefits, selected countries, 2008-09
10.3 Crises response; Reductions in contributions, selected countries, 2008-09
Figures
Figures S.1 Social security expenditure by income level and branch, weighted by population, latest available year (percentage of GDP)
Figures 2.1 Employees (wage and salary workers) in total employment worldwide, latest available year (percentages)
Figures 2.2 Latin America; Social protection coverage among employees according to type of contract, 2005
Figures 2.3 Countries grouped by level of vulnerability, poverty and informality combined, latest available year
Figures 2.4 Branches of social security; Number covered by a statutory social security programme, 2008-09
Figures 2.5 Date of the first law adopted for each contingency, countries grouped by Human Development Index (HDI), latest available year
Figures 2.6 Branches of social security; Countries with statutory programmes or limited provision, latest available tear (percentages)
Figures 3.1 WHO: Towards universal health coverage
Figures 3.2 Health-care financing; Total and public per capita expenditure by national income level of countries, 2007
Figures 3.3 Health-care financing levels and sources of funds, 2006 (percentage of GDP)
Figures 3.4 Vulnerability of countries and sources of funds; Public and private health expenditure and composition of health expenditure by level of vulnerability at the country level, 2006 (percentage of GDP)
Figures 3.5 Share of out-of pocket expenditure as a percentage of total health expenditure by level of country vulnerability latest available year
Figures 3.6 Out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of total health expenditure by poverty incidence, 2006 (percentage of people living on less than US$2 PPP per day)
Figures 3.7 Health protection; Proportion of the population covered by law, latest available tear (percentages)
Figures 3.8 Deficits in legal health protection coverage by vulnerability at the country level, latest available year (percentage of population not covered)
Figures 3.9 ILO access deficit indicator, 2006 (shortfall of skilled medical professionals as a proxy)
Figures 3.10 The global deficit in social health protection coverage and effective access to health services in 2006 (ILO methodology)
Figures 4.1 Old-age pensions; Legal coverage and effective active contributors in the working-age population, by region, 2008-09 (percentages)
Figures 4.2 Old-age pension beneficiaries as a proportion of the elderly by income level, various countries, latest available year
Figures 4.3 Old-age pension beneficiaries as a percentage of the population above retirement age, latest available year
Figures 4.4 Old-age pensions; Effective active contributors as a percentage of the working-age population by the share of wage employment in total employment, latest available tear ( percentage of working-age population)
Figures 4.5 Persons above retirement age receiving pensions, and labour force participation of the population aged 65 and over, latest available year (percentages)
Figures 4.6 European Union; Old-age pension recipients, ratio, to population over the legal retirement age (excluding anticipated old-age pensions),2006
Figures 4.7 Africa; Old-age pensioners (all ages) as a proportion of the elderly population, latest available tear (percentages)
Figures 4.8 Asia Pacific and the Middle East; Old-age pensioner (all ages) as a proportion of the elderly population, latest available year (percentages)
Figures 4.9 Latin America and the Caribbean; Old-age pensioners 9 all ages) as a proportion of the elderly population, latest available year (percentages)
Figure 4.10 Male and female old-age pensioners (all ages) as a proportion of male and female populations respectively, aged 60 and over, latest available tear (percentages)
Figure 5.1 Existence of unemployment protection schemes by type of scheme, 2008-09
Figure 5.2 Unemployment protection schemes by type of scheme, 20008-09
Figure 5.3 Unemployment protection schemes; Legal extent of coverage worldwide as a percentage of the economically active population (EAP), latest available year
Figure 5.4 Unemployment protection schemes; Legal extent of coverage, regional estimates, as a percentage of the economically active population (EAP), latest available year
Figure 5.5 Unemployment; Effective coverage worldwide - unemployed who actually receive benefits, latest available year (percentages)
Figure 5.6 Unemployment; Effective coverage, regional estimates -unemployed who actually receive benefits, latest available year (percentages)
Figure 5.7 Unemployed receiving unemployment benefits, selected countries, latest available year (percentage of total unemployed)
Figure 6.1 Types of scheme providing protection in case of employment injury by region, 2008-09 (multiple reponses)
Figure 6.2 Extent of scheme providing protection in case of employment injury scheme, 2008-09
Figure 6.3 Active contributors or protected persons as a percentage
Figure 6.4 Inequities in access to maternal health services in rural and urban areas, latest available year (percentage of live births)
Figure 6.5 Inequities in access to maternal health services by wealth quintile by national income level of countries, latest available year
Figure 6.6 Maternity lagal provision: Types of programmes worldwide, 2009
Figure 6.7 Legal duration of maternity leave worldwide,2009(weeks)
Figure 6.8 Amounts spent on paid maternity leave per year and per child, selected countries, latest available year(US$ current)
Figure 7.1 Means-tested and non-means tested benefit expenditure, European countries, 2007(percentage of GDP and ratio)
Figure 7.2 Means-tested benefits in European countries: Totals and by function 2007(percentage of GDP)
Figure 7.3 Social assistance expenditure, 75countries, 2008(percentage of GDP)
Figure 7.4 Social protection expenditure by type(ADB definitions), selected countries, 2008(percentage of GDP)
Figure 8.1 Social security expenditure by region, weighted by population, latest available year(percentage of GDP)
Figure 8.2 Social security expenditure by income level, weighted by population, 2000 compared with latest available year (percentage of GDP)
Figure 8.3 Social security expenditure by income level and branch, weighted by population, latest available year(percentage of GDP)
Figure 8.4 Social security expenditure by vulnerability and branch, weighted by population, latest available year(percentage of GDP)
Figure 8.5 Size of government resources (ratio of government expenditure to GDP)and amount of social security expenditure (percentage of GDP), latest available year
Figure 8.6 Size of government resources (ratio of government expenditure to GDP)and GDP per capita, latest available year(international $PPP)
Figure 8.7 Share of government spending invested in social security and size of government (ratio of government expenditure to GDP), latest available year
Figure 8.8 Percentage of lower-income persons (first three income quintiles) reporting unmet health needs, and public spending on health (percentage of GDP),European Union countries, 2007
Figure 8.9 Non-pension cash transfers: Reduction in poverty risk, European Union countries, 2007
Figure 8.10 Percentage reduction in the Gini coefficient, and share of social security cash transfers in household incomes, 22 OECD countries, mid-2000
Figure 8.11 Poverty rates and social security expenditure for persons of working age and retirement age, OECD countries, mid-2000(percentage)
Figure 8.12 Structure of the ADB Social Protection Index
Figure 8.13 Investments in social protection: Expenditure (percentage of GDP) in Asian countries for three SPI indicators
Figure 9.1 Components of the typology by level of income
Figure 10.1 Number of unemployed receiving social security unemployment benefits, weighted average, selected countries, 2007-10 (Index value 100= January 2008)
Figure 10.2 Number of unemployed receiving unemployment benefits, selected countries, trends 2006-10
Figure 10.3 Thailand: Number of unemployed receiving unemployment benefits (monthly), and trends in the proportion of total unemployed receiving benefits, 2006-09 (percentages)
Figure 10.4 Real investment returns of pension funds, OECD countries, 2008 (percentages)
Boxes
1.1 Individual and societal need for protection by social security
1.2 An introduction to the terminology
1.3 Social security for migrant workers
10.1 Argentina, policy responses to the crisis: A stimulus package
Annex tables
Part A. The demographic, economic and labour market environment
Demographic indicators
Table1. Demographic trends: Dependency ratios
Table2. Demographic trends: Ageing
Table3. Fertility rates, infant and maternal mortality rates, and life expectancy at birth
Table4. Life expectancy at 20 or 60years old, exact age x, both sexes (in years)
Labour force and employment indicators
Table 5 Labour force to population ratios at ages 15-64
Table 6 Labour force to population ratios at ages 65+
Table 7 Youth employment to population ratio at ages 15-24
Table 8 Employment to population ratio at ages 15+
Table 9 Status in employment (latest available year)
Economic and poverty indicators
Table 11 Poverty and income distribution
Table 12 Levels of vulnerability
Table 13 GDP and Human Development Index(HDI), various years 1997-2008
Part B. Social security coverage and expenditure
Social security legal provision
Table 14 Ratification of ILO social security Conventions, by region
Table 15 Overview of social security statutory provision
Table 16 Social security statutory provision: Old age
Table 17 Social security statutory provision: Employment injury
Table 18 Social security statutory provision: Unemployment
Table 19 Social security statutory provision: Regional estimates
Table 20 Maternity social security legal provision
Social security indicators of effective coverage
Table 21 Indicators of effective coverage worldwide: Old age. Active contributors and elderly who receive an old-age pension, latest available year(percentages)
Table 22a Indicators of effective coverage worldwide: Unemployment. Unemployment who actually receive benefits, latest available year (percentages)
Table 22b Indicators of effective coverage worldwide: Unemployment during the financial crisis 2008-09. Unemployment during the financial crisis 2008-09. Unemployment receiving unemployment benefits, monthly data, selected countries
Table 23 Indicators of effective coverage: Employment injury
Active contributors or protected persons, selected countries
Table 24 Indicators of effective coverage: Occupational injury. Cases of injury with lost workdays, selected countries (total cases: fatal and non-fatal)
Social security expenditure
Table 25 Public social security expenditure, 2000 and latest available year (percentage of GDP)
Table 26 Public social security expenditure by branch, latest available year (percentage of GDP)
Specific health indicators
Table 27 Total (public and private) health care expenditure not financed by private households'' out-of-pocket payments (percentages)
Table 28 Health coverage and access to medical care: Births attended by skilled health staff, and child immunization
Table 29 Multiple dimensions of health coverage, by levels of vulnerability
Abbreviations
Executive summary
Introduction. Context, objectives, scope and structure of the report
Part Ⅰ. Monitoring the state of social security coverage
1 Definitions, standards and concepts
1.1. Basic definitions
1.2 The scope of social security and defined by ILO standards and by other international organization
1.3 Coverage concepts and measurements
2 Scope of social security coverage around the world; Context and overview
2.1 The labour market context
2.2 Scope of comprehensive coverage by statutory schemes
2.3 Effective comprehensive population coverage
3 Social health protection coverage
3.1 Definition and measurement of social health protection
3.2 Financing health care
3.3 G멘 in health-care coverage and access deficits
4 Coverage by social security pensions; Income security in old age
4.1 From legal to effective coverage by old-age pensions; An overview
4.2 Coverage gaps and employment status of the elderly
4.3 Effective extent and level of coverage at th country level
5 Income support to the unemployed
5.1 Scope of coverage by statutory unemployment schemes
5.2 Effective extent and level of coverage
6 Coverage by other branches of social security
6.1 Employment injury
6.2 Maternity protection
7 Minimum income support and other social assistance
8 Investments in social security; Amounts, results and efficiency
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Resources allocated to the financing of social security across the world
8.3 Measuring effectiveness and efficiency of investments in social security; An overview of approaches in selected international organizations
9 Identifying factors for extended social security coverage
PartⅡ. Thematic focus; Social security in times of crisis
10 Responding to economic crisis with social security
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cushioning the impacts of unemployment while protecting and creating jobs
10.3 The expansion of social security as a crisis response
10.4 Consolidating social expenditure; shorts-term versus long-term concerns
10.5 Impact of the crisis on pension funding; The need to revisit
10.6 Impact of the crisis on social health protection financing
Conclusion. Closing the coverage gaps and building social security for all
Bibliography
Statistical Annex
Part A. The demographic, economic and labour market environment
Part B. Social security coverage and expenditure
Tables
2.1 Employees (wage and salary workers) in the labour market worldwide, 2008
4.1 Participation in the labour market of elderly (65+), and life expectancy at age 65, 1980-2005
4.2 Projected elderly population in 2010 and 2050
5.1 Unemployment protection Extent of legal and effective coverage, countries grouped by income level, latest available year
8.1 Social security expenditure by region and globally, latest available tear
8.2 Social security expenditure by income level and globally, latest available year
8.3 Structure of social security receipts by type and sector of origin, 27 EU Member States, 2007
8.4 Effectiveness and efficiency of social security cash transfers received by households, and taxes paid by households, 22 OECD countries, mid-2000
8.5 Concentration coefficients of benefits in different branches of social security, 27 OECD countries, mid-2000
9.1 Legal provision, resources committed and coverage achieved in 146 countries; A typology
10.1 Unemployment schemes in different country groups by income level, 2009
10.2 Crisis response; Extending coverage and raising benefits, selected countries, 2008-09
10.3 Crises response; Reductions in contributions, selected countries, 2008-09
Figures
Figures S.1 Social security expenditure by income level and branch, weighted by population, latest available year (percentage of GDP)
Figures 2.1 Employees (wage and salary workers) in total employment worldwide, latest available year (percentages)
Figures 2.2 Latin America; Social protection coverage among employees according to type of contract, 2005
Figures 2.3 Countries grouped by level of vulnerability, poverty and informality combined, latest available year
Figures 2.4 Branches of social security; Number covered by a statutory social security programme, 2008-09
Figures 2.5 Date of the first law adopted for each contingency, countries grouped by Human Development Index (HDI), latest available year
Figures 2.6 Branches of social security; Countries with statutory programmes or limited provision, latest available tear (percentages)
Figures 3.1 WHO: Towards universal health coverage
Figures 3.2 Health-care financing; Total and public per capita expenditure by national income level of countries, 2007
Figures 3.3 Health-care financing levels and sources of funds, 2006 (percentage of GDP)
Figures 3.4 Vulnerability of countries and sources of funds; Public and private health expenditure and composition of health expenditure by level of vulnerability at the country level, 2006 (percentage of GDP)
Figures 3.5 Share of out-of pocket expenditure as a percentage of total health expenditure by level of country vulnerability latest available year
Figures 3.6 Out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of total health expenditure by poverty incidence, 2006 (percentage of people living on less than US$2 PPP per day)
Figures 3.7 Health protection; Proportion of the population covered by law, latest available tear (percentages)
Figures 3.8 Deficits in legal health protection coverage by vulnerability at the country level, latest available year (percentage of population not covered)
Figures 3.9 ILO access deficit indicator, 2006 (shortfall of skilled medical professionals as a proxy)
Figures 3.10 The global deficit in social health protection coverage and effective access to health services in 2006 (ILO methodology)
Figures 4.1 Old-age pensions; Legal coverage and effective active contributors in the working-age population, by region, 2008-09 (percentages)
Figures 4.2 Old-age pension beneficiaries as a proportion of the elderly by income level, various countries, latest available year
Figures 4.3 Old-age pension beneficiaries as a percentage of the population above retirement age, latest available year
Figures 4.4 Old-age pensions; Effective active contributors as a percentage of the working-age population by the share of wage employment in total employment, latest available tear ( percentage of working-age population)
Figures 4.5 Persons above retirement age receiving pensions, and labour force participation of the population aged 65 and over, latest available year (percentages)
Figures 4.6 European Union; Old-age pension recipients, ratio, to population over the legal retirement age (excluding anticipated old-age pensions),2006
Figures 4.7 Africa; Old-age pensioners (all ages) as a proportion of the elderly population, latest available tear (percentages)
Figures 4.8 Asia Pacific and the Middle East; Old-age pensioner (all ages) as a proportion of the elderly population, latest available year (percentages)
Figures 4.9 Latin America and the Caribbean; Old-age pensioners 9 all ages) as a proportion of the elderly population, latest available year (percentages)
Figure 4.10 Male and female old-age pensioners (all ages) as a proportion of male and female populations respectively, aged 60 and over, latest available tear (percentages)
Figure 5.1 Existence of unemployment protection schemes by type of scheme, 2008-09
Figure 5.2 Unemployment protection schemes by type of scheme, 20008-09
Figure 5.3 Unemployment protection schemes; Legal extent of coverage worldwide as a percentage of the economically active population (EAP), latest available year
Figure 5.4 Unemployment protection schemes; Legal extent of coverage, regional estimates, as a percentage of the economically active population (EAP), latest available year
Figure 5.5 Unemployment; Effective coverage worldwide - unemployed who actually receive benefits, latest available year (percentages)
Figure 5.6 Unemployment; Effective coverage, regional estimates -unemployed who actually receive benefits, latest available year (percentages)
Figure 5.7 Unemployed receiving unemployment benefits, selected countries, latest available year (percentage of total unemployed)
Figure 6.1 Types of scheme providing protection in case of employment injury by region, 2008-09 (multiple reponses)
Figure 6.2 Extent of scheme providing protection in case of employment injury scheme, 2008-09
Figure 6.3 Active contributors or protected persons as a percentage
Figure 6.4 Inequities in access to maternal health services in rural and urban areas, latest available year (percentage of live births)
Figure 6.5 Inequities in access to maternal health services by wealth quintile by national income level of countries, latest available year
Figure 6.6 Maternity lagal provision: Types of programmes worldwide, 2009
Figure 6.7 Legal duration of maternity leave worldwide,2009(weeks)
Figure 6.8 Amounts spent on paid maternity leave per year and per child, selected countries, latest available year(US$ current)
Figure 7.1 Means-tested and non-means tested benefit expenditure, European countries, 2007(percentage of GDP and ratio)
Figure 7.2 Means-tested benefits in European countries: Totals and by function 2007(percentage of GDP)
Figure 7.3 Social assistance expenditure, 75countries, 2008(percentage of GDP)
Figure 7.4 Social protection expenditure by type(ADB definitions), selected countries, 2008(percentage of GDP)
Figure 8.1 Social security expenditure by region, weighted by population, latest available year(percentage of GDP)
Figure 8.2 Social security expenditure by income level, weighted by population, 2000 compared with latest available year (percentage of GDP)
Figure 8.3 Social security expenditure by income level and branch, weighted by population, latest available year(percentage of GDP)
Figure 8.4 Social security expenditure by vulnerability and branch, weighted by population, latest available year(percentage of GDP)
Figure 8.5 Size of government resources (ratio of government expenditure to GDP)and amount of social security expenditure (percentage of GDP), latest available year
Figure 8.6 Size of government resources (ratio of government expenditure to GDP)and GDP per capita, latest available year(international $PPP)
Figure 8.7 Share of government spending invested in social security and size of government (ratio of government expenditure to GDP), latest available year
Figure 8.8 Percentage of lower-income persons (first three income quintiles) reporting unmet health needs, and public spending on health (percentage of GDP),European Union countries, 2007
Figure 8.9 Non-pension cash transfers: Reduction in poverty risk, European Union countries, 2007
Figure 8.10 Percentage reduction in the Gini coefficient, and share of social security cash transfers in household incomes, 22 OECD countries, mid-2000
Figure 8.11 Poverty rates and social security expenditure for persons of working age and retirement age, OECD countries, mid-2000(percentage)
Figure 8.12 Structure of the ADB Social Protection Index
Figure 8.13 Investments in social protection: Expenditure (percentage of GDP) in Asian countries for three SPI indicators
Figure 9.1 Components of the typology by level of income
Figure 10.1 Number of unemployed receiving social security unemployment benefits, weighted average, selected countries, 2007-10 (Index value 100= January 2008)
Figure 10.2 Number of unemployed receiving unemployment benefits, selected countries, trends 2006-10
Figure 10.3 Thailand: Number of unemployed receiving unemployment benefits (monthly), and trends in the proportion of total unemployed receiving benefits, 2006-09 (percentages)
Figure 10.4 Real investment returns of pension funds, OECD countries, 2008 (percentages)
Boxes
1.1 Individual and societal need for protection by social security
1.2 An introduction to the terminology
1.3 Social security for migrant workers
10.1 Argentina, policy responses to the crisis: A stimulus package
Annex tables
Part A. The demographic, economic and labour market environment
Demographic indicators
Table1. Demographic trends: Dependency ratios
Table2. Demographic trends: Ageing
Table3. Fertility rates, infant and maternal mortality rates, and life expectancy at birth
Table4. Life expectancy at 20 or 60years old, exact age x, both sexes (in years)
Labour force and employment indicators
Table 5 Labour force to population ratios at ages 15-64
Table 6 Labour force to population ratios at ages 65+
Table 7 Youth employment to population ratio at ages 15-24
Table 8 Employment to population ratio at ages 15+
Table 9 Status in employment (latest available year)
Economic and poverty indicators
Table 11 Poverty and income distribution
Table 12 Levels of vulnerability
Table 13 GDP and Human Development Index(HDI), various years 1997-2008
Part B. Social security coverage and expenditure
Social security legal provision
Table 14 Ratification of ILO social security Conventions, by region
Table 15 Overview of social security statutory provision
Table 16 Social security statutory provision: Old age
Table 17 Social security statutory provision: Employment injury
Table 18 Social security statutory provision: Unemployment
Table 19 Social security statutory provision: Regional estimates
Table 20 Maternity social security legal provision
Social security indicators of effective coverage
Table 21 Indicators of effective coverage worldwide: Old age. Active contributors and elderly who receive an old-age pension, latest available year(percentages)
Table 22a Indicators of effective coverage worldwide: Unemployment. Unemployment who actually receive benefits, latest available year (percentages)
Table 22b Indicators of effective coverage worldwide: Unemployment during the financial crisis 2008-09. Unemployment during the financial crisis 2008-09. Unemployment receiving unemployment benefits, monthly data, selected countries
Table 23 Indicators of effective coverage: Employment injury
Active contributors or protected persons, selected countries
Table 24 Indicators of effective coverage: Occupational injury. Cases of injury with lost workdays, selected countries (total cases: fatal and non-fatal)
Social security expenditure
Table 25 Public social security expenditure, 2000 and latest available year (percentage of GDP)
Table 26 Public social security expenditure by branch, latest available year (percentage of GDP)
Specific health indicators
Table 27 Total (public and private) health care expenditure not financed by private households'' out-of-pocket payments (percentages)
Table 28 Health coverage and access to medical care: Births attended by skilled health staff, and child immunization
Table 29 Multiple dimensions of health coverage, by levels of vulnerability